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beta spike trimer  (Sino Biological)


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    Sino Biological beta spike trimer
    425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 <t>Beta,</t> Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived <t>from</t> <t>WA1</t> and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.
    Beta Spike Trimer, supplied by Sino Biological, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 16 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+b+1+351/SARS-CoV-2+B%2E1%2E351+Spike+S1%2BS2+trimer+Protein/pmc12188739-83-66-69
    Average 93 stars, based on 16 article reviews
    beta spike trimer - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    93/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "The pan-variant potential of light: 425 nm light inactivates SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and non-cytotoxic doses reduce viral titers in human airway epithelial cells"

    Article Title: The pan-variant potential of light: 425 nm light inactivates SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and non-cytotoxic doses reduce viral titers in human airway epithelial cells

    Journal: mSphere

    doi: 10.1128/msphere.00230-25

    425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.
    Figure Legend Snippet: 425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.

    Techniques Used: MTT Assay, Recombinant, Derivative Assay, Binding Assay, Infection, Plaque Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

    The RD-X19 reduces spike binding to ACE-2, inactivates SARS-CoV-2, and reduces viral titers at non-cytotoxic doses. ( A ) Recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron JN.1 were assessed for receptor binding following illumination with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to unilluminated ± SEM ( n = 4). ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Gamma were diluted in cell culture media and illuminated with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 8). ( C ) ALI HAE cell cultures were illuminated twice daily (BID) with the Active RD-X19 or Sham for 3 days (six total doses). Cell viability was determined via MTT assay. Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to unilluminated ( n = 4). ( D ) ALI HAE cell cultures were infected with SARS-CoV-2 WA1 illuminated twice daily for 3 days with the active RD-X19 or sham starting at 3 or 24 hpi. Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 10). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05), ** ( P < 0.01), and *** ( P < 0.001). For panel A, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panel B, statistical significance was determined relative to the inoculum. For panel D, statistical significance was determined relative to the unilluminated group at the corresponding timepoint.
    Figure Legend Snippet: The RD-X19 reduces spike binding to ACE-2, inactivates SARS-CoV-2, and reduces viral titers at non-cytotoxic doses. ( A ) Recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron JN.1 were assessed for receptor binding following illumination with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to unilluminated ± SEM ( n = 4). ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Gamma were diluted in cell culture media and illuminated with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 8). ( C ) ALI HAE cell cultures were illuminated twice daily (BID) with the Active RD-X19 or Sham for 3 days (six total doses). Cell viability was determined via MTT assay. Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to unilluminated ( n = 4). ( D ) ALI HAE cell cultures were infected with SARS-CoV-2 WA1 illuminated twice daily for 3 days with the active RD-X19 or sham starting at 3 or 24 hpi. Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 10). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05), ** ( P < 0.01), and *** ( P < 0.001). For panel A, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panel B, statistical significance was determined relative to the inoculum. For panel D, statistical significance was determined relative to the unilluminated group at the corresponding timepoint.

    Techniques Used: Binding Assay, Recombinant, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, MTT Assay, Infection, Plaque Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

    Related Articles

    Mutagenesis:

    Article Title: Hydrogel‐Based Slow Release of a Receptor‐Binding Domain Subunit Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS‐CoV‐2
    Article Snippet: Anti‐RBD and anti‐spike trimer antibody titers were measured using an end‐point ELISA. .. 96‐well Maxisorp plates (Thermo Fisher) were coated with RBD, full‐length spike, [ ] the mutant spike from the Alpha B.1.1.7 (Sino Biological 40591‐V08H12), the mutant spike from Beta B.1.351 (Sino Biological 40591‐V08H10), or the mutant spike from Delta B.1.617.2 (Sino Biological 40591‐V08H23) at 2 μg ml −1 in 1X PBS [pH 7.4] overnight at 4 °C. ..

    Article Title: Nanoparticle-Conjugated TLR9 Agonists Improve the Potency, Durability, and Breadth of COVID-19 Vaccines
    Article Snippet: .. Maxisorp plates (Thermofisher) were coated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Sino Biological 40591-V08H4), the mutant spike from Beta B.1.351 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H12), the mutant spike from Delta B.1.617.2 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H23), or the mutant spike from Omicron B.1.1.529 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H41) at 2 μg/mL in PBS overnight at 4 °C and subsequently blocked with PBS containing 1 wt% BSA for 1 h at 25 °C. ..

    Article Title: Nanoparticle-Conjugated Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists Improve the Potency, Durability, and Breadth of COVID-19 Vaccines.
    Article Snippet: .. Maxisorp plates (Thermo FFisher) were coated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Sino Biological 40591- V08H4), the mutant spike from Beta B.1.351 (Sino Biological 40591- V08H12), the mutant spike from Delta B.1.617.2 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H23), or the mutant spike from Omicron B.1.1.529 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H41) at 2 μg/mL in PBS 1X overnight at 4 °C and subsequently blocked with PBS 1X containing 1 wt % BSA for 1 h at 25 °C. ..

    Article Title: Hydrogel-based slow release of a receptor-binding domain subunit vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2
    Article Snippet: Anti-RBD and Anti-spike trimer antibody titers were measured using an end-point ELISA. .. 96-well Maxisorp plates (Thermo Fisher) were coated with RBD, full-length spike , the mutant spike from the Alpha B.1.1.7 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H12), the mutant spike from Beta B.1.351 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H10), or the mutant spike from Delta B.1.617.2 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H23) at 2 μg/mL in 1X PBS [pH 7.4] overnight at 4°C. ..

    Article Title: Hydrogel-Based Slow Release of a Receptor-Binding Domain Subunit Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2.
    Article Snippet: Mouse Serum ELISAs: Anti-RBD and anti-spike trimer antibody titers were measured using an end-point ELISA. .. 96-well Maxisorp plates (Thermo Fisher) were coated with RBD, full-length spike,[41] the mutant spike from the Alpha B.1.1.7 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H12), the mutant spike from Beta B.1.351 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H10), or the mutant spike from Delta B.1.617.2 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H23) at 2 μg ml−1 in 1X PBS [pH 7.4] overnight at 4 °C. ..

    Article Title: Nanoparticle-Conjugated Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists Improve the Potency, Durability, and Breadth of COVID-19 Vaccines
    Article Snippet: .. Maxisorp plates (Thermo FFisher) were coated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Sino Biological 40591-V08H4), the mutant spike from Beta B.1.351 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H12), the mutant spike from Delta B.1.617.2 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H23), or the mutant spike from Omicron B.1.1.529 (Sino Biological 40591-V08H41) at 2 μg/mL in PBS 1X overnight at 4 °C and subsequently blocked with PBS 1X containing 1 wt % BSA for 1 h at 25 °C. ..



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    Sino Biological beta b 1 351 rbd protein
    425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 <t>Beta,</t> Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived <t>from</t> <t>WA1</t> and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.
    Beta B 1 351 Rbd Protein, supplied by Sino Biological, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+b+1+351/SARS-CoV-2+(2019-nCoV)+Spike+RBD(K417N%2C+E484K%2C+N501Y)-His+Recombinant+Protein/pm38501378-214-29-33
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    beta b 1 351 rbd protein - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
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    beta b 1 351  (Sino Biological)
    94
    Sino Biological beta b 1 351
    425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 <t>Beta,</t> Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived <t>from</t> <t>WA1</t> and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.
    Beta B 1 351, supplied by Sino Biological, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/beta+b+1+351/SARS-CoV-2+(2019-nCoV)+Spike+S1(HV69-70+deletion%2C+Y144+deletion%2C+N501Y%2C+A570D%2C+D614G%2C+P681H)-His+Recombinant+Protein/pm38215338-294-18-20
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    beta b 1 351 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier

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    425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.

    Journal: mSphere

    Article Title: The pan-variant potential of light: 425 nm light inactivates SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and non-cytotoxic doses reduce viral titers in human airway epithelial cells

    doi: 10.1128/msphere.00230-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: 425 nm light reduces SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron titers at non-cytotoxic doses in ALI HAE. Well-differentiated human large airway epithelial cells ( A ) were illuminated twice daily (BID) with 16 or 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light ( B ). At 72 hpi (six total doses), cell viability was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay ( C ). Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to 0 J/cm 2 ( n = 6). ( D ) Plates coated with synthetic human ACE-2 were illuminated with 425 nm light and inoculated with recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to 0 J/cm 2 ± SEM ( n = 5). ( E, F ) ALI HAE cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, or Omicron variants, treated, and illuminated twice daily for 3 days with 32 J/cm 2 of 425 nm light starting at 3 hpi (MOI 0.1 [ E ]) or 24 hpi (MOI 0.001 [ F ]). Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 5–6). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05) and ** ( P < 0.01). For panels C and D, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panels E and F, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group at the corresponding timepoint.

    Article Snippet: Plates were blocked with 200 μL blocking buffer (5% FBS in PBST) and incubated at 37°C/5% CO 2 for 1 h. His-tagged recombinant WA1 S1 (Sino Biological #40591-V08H), Omicron B.1.1.529 S1 (Sino Biological #40591-V08H41), MERS-CoV S1 (Sino Biological #40069-V08H), SARS-CoV-1 S1+S2 (Sino Biological #40634-V08B), NL63 S1+S2 (Sino Biological #40604-V08B), MERS-CoV S1+S2 (Sino Biological #40069-V08B), WA1 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H4), Alpha spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H12), Beta spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H13), Gamma spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H23), Delta spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H10), Lambda spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H24), Omicron B.1.1.529 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H26), Omicron BA.2 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H28), Omicron XBB.1.5 spike trimer (40589-V08H45), and Omicron JN.1 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H59) were diluted in viral diluent.

    Techniques: MTT Assay, Recombinant, Derivative Assay, Binding Assay, Infection, Plaque Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

    The RD-X19 reduces spike binding to ACE-2, inactivates SARS-CoV-2, and reduces viral titers at non-cytotoxic doses. ( A ) Recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron JN.1 were assessed for receptor binding following illumination with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to unilluminated ± SEM ( n = 4). ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Gamma were diluted in cell culture media and illuminated with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 8). ( C ) ALI HAE cell cultures were illuminated twice daily (BID) with the Active RD-X19 or Sham for 3 days (six total doses). Cell viability was determined via MTT assay. Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to unilluminated ( n = 4). ( D ) ALI HAE cell cultures were infected with SARS-CoV-2 WA1 illuminated twice daily for 3 days with the active RD-X19 or sham starting at 3 or 24 hpi. Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 10). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05), ** ( P < 0.01), and *** ( P < 0.001). For panel A, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panel B, statistical significance was determined relative to the inoculum. For panel D, statistical significance was determined relative to the unilluminated group at the corresponding timepoint.

    Journal: mSphere

    Article Title: The pan-variant potential of light: 425 nm light inactivates SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and non-cytotoxic doses reduce viral titers in human airway epithelial cells

    doi: 10.1128/msphere.00230-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The RD-X19 reduces spike binding to ACE-2, inactivates SARS-CoV-2, and reduces viral titers at non-cytotoxic doses. ( A ) Recombinant spike trimers derived from WA1 and Omicron JN.1 were assessed for receptor binding following illumination with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean percent binding to ACE-2 relative to unilluminated ± SEM ( n = 4). ( B ) SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Gamma were diluted in cell culture media and illuminated with the active RD-X19 or sham. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 8). ( C ) ALI HAE cell cultures were illuminated twice daily (BID) with the Active RD-X19 or Sham for 3 days (six total doses). Cell viability was determined via MTT assay. Data presented are the mean viability ± SEM relative to unilluminated ( n = 4). ( D ) ALI HAE cell cultures were infected with SARS-CoV-2 WA1 illuminated twice daily for 3 days with the active RD-X19 or sham starting at 3 or 24 hpi. Apical rinses were collected daily and enumerated via plaque assay. Data presented are the mean viral titer (PFU/mL) ± SEM ( n = 10). Statistical significance was determined with the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and is indicated by * ( P < 0.05), ** ( P < 0.01), and *** ( P < 0.001). For panel A, statistical significance was determined relative to the 0 J/cm 2 group. For panel B, statistical significance was determined relative to the inoculum. For panel D, statistical significance was determined relative to the unilluminated group at the corresponding timepoint.

    Article Snippet: Plates were blocked with 200 μL blocking buffer (5% FBS in PBST) and incubated at 37°C/5% CO 2 for 1 h. His-tagged recombinant WA1 S1 (Sino Biological #40591-V08H), Omicron B.1.1.529 S1 (Sino Biological #40591-V08H41), MERS-CoV S1 (Sino Biological #40069-V08H), SARS-CoV-1 S1+S2 (Sino Biological #40634-V08B), NL63 S1+S2 (Sino Biological #40604-V08B), MERS-CoV S1+S2 (Sino Biological #40069-V08B), WA1 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H4), Alpha spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H12), Beta spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H13), Gamma spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H23), Delta spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H10), Lambda spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H24), Omicron B.1.1.529 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H26), Omicron BA.2 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H28), Omicron XBB.1.5 spike trimer (40589-V08H45), and Omicron JN.1 spike trimer (Sino Biological #40589-V08H59) were diluted in viral diluent.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Recombinant, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, MTT Assay, Infection, Plaque Assay, MANN-WHITNEY